Ebook Free Our Human Story
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Our Human Story
Ebook Free Our Human Story
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Review
"When it comes to human evolution [Chris Stringer] is as close to the horse’s mouth as it gets." —BBC Focus on The Origin of Our Species
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About the Author
Louise Humphrey is a researcher in human origins at the Natural History Museum, specializing in reconstructing life history from the skeleton and dentition. Chris Stringer is the Natural History Museum’s research leader in human origins. He is the author of The Complete World of Human Evolution and Lone Survivors.
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Product details
Paperback: 160 pages
Publisher: Natural History Museum, London (November 1, 2018)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0565093916
ISBN-13: 978-0565093914
Product Dimensions:
6.8 x 0.4 x 9 inches
Shipping Weight: 15.5 ounces (View shipping rates and policies)
Average Customer Review:
5.0 out of 5 stars
2 customer reviews
Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
#164,462 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
As the late evolutionary theorist Stephen Jay Gould constantly used to reiterate, the evolutionary history of life is not a ladder of progress, but rather a bush or tree with many different branches.The authors of this very interesting and well-illustrated book show how true this is of human evolution. The hominin family tree is a very complicated mass of branches, beginning about seven million years ago when the hominin lineage split from the chimpanzee lineage.For most of that seven million years there has been a great diversity of hominin species, with several existing at the same time. For example, over the last two million years there have been at least ten different species of the Homo genus. And a lot is still not known: with future discoveries and DNA research, the tree will almost certainly get bushier.Only for the last 40,000 years or so has our own species, Homo sapiens, which first appeared over 200,000 years ago, been the sole surviving hominin species.The problem is, as the authors show, that it is often difficult to know exactly what the relationships are between the various branches. For example, it is difficult to know whether a particular species is an ancestor of ours, or whether it belongs to a different side branch of the hominin tree. The result of this is that there are many disagreements among scientists about how to classify various fossils and about their evolutionary relationships.What is clear is that upright stance developed long before the appearance of the large brain. Bipedalism came soon after the divergence of the hominin and chimpanzee lineages seven million years ago. The large brain came much later, leading to the intelligence, flexible behaviour, consciousness and art that we associate with humans. The large brain probably developed due to a combination of interacting factors: meat-eating, complex tool-making, social interaction and language. (My bet is that tool-making started off this feedback loop and that the previous development of bipedalism was important in that it had freed up the hands for the later development of complex tool-making.)Other primates and some birds can make and use simple tools, and some pre-Homo hominins (Australopiths) might have done the same. But humans in the Homo genus took tool-making to a quantitatively and hence qualitatively different level.As the authors mention, some scientists have in the past claimed that in the history of our own species (Homo sapiens) there was a “creative explosion†in Europe about 40,000 years ago (with the appearance of cave art etc), long after the appearance of the species itself over 200,000 years ago. They claimed that this “Great Leap Forwardâ€/ “Human Revolutionâ€/â€Big Bang†was caused by some biological change to the brain, possibly linked to the development of language.But this idea of some (invisible and unprovable!) biological change to the brain about 40,000 years ago has been shot down in recent years by the discovery of evidence for art and sophisticated tools dating from much earlier than the time that the “Great Leap Forward†is supposed to have happened. For example, engraved pieces of ochre have been found in Africa dating from 75,000 years ago, and decorative beads have been found, again in Africa, dating back 100,000 years.As Stephen Oppenheimer has argued, language developed much earlier than 40,000 years ago and “...humans came out of Africa already painting.†There may even have been language and creativity in earlier species. For example, there is now evidence for Neanderthal art and possibly ritual burial; and there is also evidence that the Neanderthals could have vocalised in a similar way to Homo sapiens.In any case, the “creative explosion†theory wrongly assumes that behavioural change must be determined by biological change. But why does cultural change have to imply a change to the brain? It is more likely that the brain had become “modern†when Homo sapiens first evolved in Africa 200,000 or more years ago, and that any later cultural change took place for non-biological reasons. After all, the development of farming 12,000 years ago, of cities and writing 5,000 years ago, and of industry 200 years ago were also “Great Leaps Forwardâ€, but no one believes that these were the result of genetic changes to the human brain.The final point I want to mention is that the authors refer to possible evidence of social stratification 35,000 years ago, in the form of some burials having grave goods which would have taken a lot of time to create. But, if this is so, it would surely just have been a case of respected (or at most, slightly privileged) individuals, because most evidence suggests that hunter-gatherer societies were egalitarian. Fully-fledged class differences did not appear until about 5,000 years ago, when, following the development of agriculture, “civilisations†developed in which a ruling class managed to grab the surplus created by the labouring farmers.Overall, an excellent book. Highly recommended.Phil Webster.(England)
This is a beautifully illustrated, comprehensive, yet brief history of the story of us - from an evolutionary perspective. Chris Stringer has wrote many books on paleoanthropology and evolution and his latest effort, penned with co-author Louise Humphrey, brings the reader up to date on the latest discoveries in anthropology and genetics as it pertains to the human species.This is not a scientific tome. It is very readable to the interested layperson and has a trove of pictures, drawings, and illustrations to support the text. It is a quick and interesting read. The only problem with this book is that, with the current pace of discoveres in paleoanthropolgy and paleogenetics, it will need a revision (or two) in a few years.
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